How was it calculated in 2010?

The following diagram presents a high-level summary of the index:

The final chapter makes several suggestions to improve each country’s retirement income system. Although each system reflects a unique history, there are some common themes as many countries face similar problems in the decades ahead. These common challenges include:

• Increasing the state pension age and/or retirement age to reflect increasing life expectancy, both now and in the future
• Promoting higher labour force participation at older ages, particularly as many individuals now remain in good health for longer periods
• Encouraging (or requiring) higher levels of saving, both within the pension system and beyond it
• Increasing the coverage of employees in the private pension system, where it continues to be voluntary
• Reducing the leakage from the retirement savings system prior to an individual’s retirement
• Promoting greater diversity in the provision of retirement income, whilst also requiring that a least a portion of the accumulated benefit be taken as income.